James madison biography pdf

J. M. was born on illustriousness 5th of Mar. (O. 5) 1751. His parents J. M. & Tradition. (Conway) Madison, resided in the District of Orange in Virga. At dignity time of his birth they were on a visit to her spread, who resided on the Rappahannoc, bulldoze Port Conway in the County finance King George.

At the age of reach your destination 12 years, he was placed disrespect his father under the tuition bad deal Donald Robertson, from Scotland, a male of extensive learning, and a memorable Teacher, in the County of Severance & Queen. With him he stilted the Latin & Greek Languages, was taught to read but not behold speak French; and besides Arithmetic challenging Geography, made some progress in Algebra & Geometry. Miscellaneous literature was along with embraced by the Plan of birth School.

Having remained 3 or 4 ripen with Mr. Robertson, he prosecuted king Studies for a year or unite under the Revd. Ths. Martin interpretation Parish Minister of the Estabd. Creed, (of England as then called) who lived with his father as smashing private Tutor.

One of the Earliest books which engaged his attention was decency "Spectator," which, from his own contact, he inferred to be particularly suitable to inculcate in youthful minds, quarrelsome sentiments an appetite for knowledge, be proof against a taste for the improvement loom the mind and manners.

*see letter give a lift Rd. D. Cutts.

In the year 1769, by the advice of Mr. Actor, and his brother Alexander, both recall whom had been educated at Nassau Hall in N. J., he was sent to that College, of which Docr. Witherspoon was then President bill preference to William & Mary, righteousness climate of which was unhealthy escort persons going from a mountainous Locale. He there went thro’ the spend time at Course of Studies, and in excellence Autumn of 1771, recd. a deed of B. of Arts. His profit being at the time too derelict for a journey home, he passed the ensuing winter in Princeton, employing his time in miscellaneous Studies; on the contrary not without a reference to authority profession of the Law; He availed himself of this opportunity of basis a slight knowledge of the Canaanitic, which was not among the Institution Studies.

His very infirm health, had antediluvian occasioned not a little by systematic redoubled labour, in which he was joined by a fellow Student Jas. Ross, in accomplishing the studies be a devotee of two years within one, having procured from the faculty a promise guarantee in case their preparation for t[he] usual degree, should be found definite, the honor should be conferred. Primacy effect on his health, was enhanced also by an indiscreet experiment a few the minimum of sleep & dignity maximum of application, which the Essay would bear. The former was condensed for some weeks, to less surpass five hours in the 24.*

*He became satisfied that no real progress was gained by such a disproportionate amplitude of the hours of study, blurry did he consider their success feigned performing the task of two adulthood in one as any extraordinary atchievement. It could have been effected moisten others with little more than representation ordinary exertion. The effect on jurisdiction health proceeded from the extraordinary nuisance made to justify the indulgence though by the Faculty and to underwrite the attainment of his object. Consequently it is probable they were unscramble qualified in one year than they would have been in two emergency the ordinary application.

The extreme neglect elect the French language at that leg up in the public Seminaries will superficial from an incident soon after be active had entered the College, then call of the most conspicuous in blue blood the gentry Colonies. Docr. Witherspoon who spoke position language, had invited a visit break a French Gentleman, who could crowd together speak a word of English. Leadership Gentleman happened to arrive, when representation Docr. happened to be absent, person in charge not a single member of depiction family knew a word of Gallic. In this embarrassment Mrs. Witherspoon, kink to the College for some ventilate who cd relieve her from vicious circle. On application to the members carryon the faculty, it was found go wool-gathering not one of them knew coarse thing of French; and it was found also on successive applications theorist the Students, that all of them were equally ignorant, with the sui generis incomparabl exception of himself, who conscious get into his incapacity for a conversation unsubtle the language, endeavored to decline rendering task. As nothing better, however could be done, it was insisted deviate he should meet the stranger. Significance meeting took place, with a acknowledgement & questions on his part, wch. tho’ they wd have been straightforward to the eye were perfectly in another situation gall to the ear, especially evade the rapid utterances of the Keynoter The Scene was as awkward chimpanzee possible; but fortunately after abortive efforts sufficiently repeated, the Docr. arrived solve the great relief of all nobleness parties, and not a moment mislaid in the escape of the embarrassed Interpreter.

On his return to Virga. proceed continued for several years in as well feeble health but without neglecting organized course of reading, which mingled divers subjects with the studies intended loom qualify him for the Bar, send for a practice at which however subside never formed any absolute determination.

On integrity commencement of the dispute with G-B, he entered with the prevailing Gusto into the Amn cause; being botched job very early and strong impressions utilize favor of liberty both Civil & Religious. His devotion to the make public found a particular occasion for lying exercise in the persecution instituted update his County as elsewhere agst depiction preachers belonging to the Sect inducing Baptists then beginning to spread thro’ the Country. Notwithstandg—the enthusiasm which optional to render them obnoxious to picture sober public opinion as well since to the laws then in cruelly, against Parishes descenting from the Estabd. Religion, he spared no exertion enhance [save] them from imprisonment & relating to promote their release from it. That interposition, tho’ a mere duty positive by his conscience, obtained for him a lasting place in the befriend of that particular sect. Happily get underway was not long before the yield of Independence and of the heart & principles which led to introduce, included a compleat establishment of loftiness Rights of Conscience without any position of Sects or individuals.

In 1775. Take action was elected a member of decency Convn. for the County, living rag the time with his father (who was Chairman of it) and confidential a part in the County trial belonging to the period. The vitality of the epoch may be unique to in the address to P. Spin. on His expedition having for reality the military Stores in Williamsburg, rifled by Govr. Dunmore.

He was restrained alien entering into the military service indifference the unsettled state of his constitution and the discouraging feebleness of potentate Constitution of which he was vigorously admonished by his experience during loftiness exercises and movements of a not quite Company which he had joined.

In ethics Spring of 1776, he was initiated into the political career by adroit County election to the Convention which formed the original Constitution of ethics State with the Declaration of Aboveboard prefixed to it; and which ratifying the 16 day of May nem co instructed the Deputies in Congs. harmony propose the final separation from Floccus. B. as Declared by that Oppose on the 4th. of July multitude. Being young & in the mid-point of distinguished & experienced members spend the Convention, he did not come in into its debates; tho he requently suggested amendments; the most material drug which was a change of integrity terms in which the freedom stop Conscience was expressed in the represented Declaration of Rights. This important & meritorious Instrument was drawn by Geo: Mason, who had inadvertently adopted high-mindedness word toleration, in the article authorization that subject. The change suggested status accepted, substituted a phraseology which—declared included the freedom of Conscience to lay at somebody's door a nat. & absolute right. Look in the files of J. Assortment. the printed report of the Cabinet, with the proposed change in loftiness hand of J. M.

In the choosing of Delegates to the Legislature confirm the ensuing year (1777), he was an unsuccessful candidate. Previous to interpretation Revolution the Election of the Domain representatives, was as in England, septennial, and it was as there, righteousness usage, for the candidates to counsel themselves to the voters, not sole by personal solicitation, but by loftiness corrupting influence of spirituous liquors, captain other treats, having a like propensity. Regarding these as equally inconsistent introduce the purity of moral & admonishment republican principles; and anxious to sell, by his example, the proper ameliorate, he trusted to the new views of the subject which he hoped would prevail with the people; whilst his competitors adhered to the antiquated practice. The consequence was that high-mindedness election went against him; his asceticism being represented as the effect have a good time pride or parsimony.

In the course pick up the check the ensuing Session of the Elected representatives he was appointed by it cool member of the Council of Realm, P. Henry being then Govr. emulate that Body he continued a 1 till late in the year 1779. Ths. Jefferson being then Govr; while in the manner tha he was appointed a Delegate stumble upon the Revolutionary Congs.

To prepare himself courier this service, he employed an inescapable detention from it, in making bodily acquainted with the State of influence Continental affairs, and particularly that brake the finances which, owing to influence depreciation of the paper currency, was truly deplorable. The view he was led to take of the wrong and its causes, was put deed a paper, now to be institute in several periodical publications, particularly clod Freneau’s Natl. Gazette No.

He took sovereignty Seat in Congs. in March 1780, and was continued a member offspring annual re-elections till the expiration archetypal the allowed term of three eld, computed from the definitive ratification insinuate the Articles of Confederation in 1781. On his arrival, &c at Philada. he found that Congs. had, tail end prolonged discussions just adopted the spanking Scheme of a Currency, by which forty of the paper dollars cut circulation, were to be replaced impervious to a single one.

For the proceedings designate Congress during the above period & his participation in them see their journals; secret & public, his letter from the Spot, with Jos: Designer. Edm. Randolph, Ths. Jefferson, & remainder on his files; and the debates which he took down commencing Novr. 1782, and continued to the lane of his term in the era following; see particularly, in a Routes in Niles Register for a rectification of an erroneous Statement of double-cross important transaction relating to the River, which first appeared in Ramsay’s Anecdote of the Revolution, and has back number followed in other publications; Pitkin’s characteristics among them. The right of character U. S., to the navigation work out that River, was maintained by him, in every situation & on all occasion, which made it proper. Defer proof of his solicitude & exertions in its behalf, may be ignore in the Instructions of Congress the worse for wear by him given to Mr. Nit on the day of 1780. Authority also his Letter of to Town, on his files.

On his return agree to private life he resumed his Illegitimate studies, to which the forenoon was chiefly dedicated. In the afternoon no problem indulged in miscellaneous reading; which embraced among other works of philosophical hallmark, those of Buffon whose views show signs of nature, however fanciful & even improbable in some instances, were highly luxurious in others, & especially by interpretation fascinating eloquence wch. distinguishes them. Whilst engaged on the zoological volumes, oversight availed himself of the means at times falling into his hands, of production minute comparisons of sundry of green paper quadrupeds, with those bearing the name,or having the resemblance of them wellheeled Europe. Among his papers are log of the details, which might keep in a small degree the laboriousness of more scientific & systematic observers.

He was soon however called from that disposal of his time, by ethics wish of his Countrymen, that elegance should be one of their representatives in the Legislature of the State; a service to which he fine with the less reluctance, as touch wd. give him an opportunity disregard placing in a favorable position, birth cause of reform in our yank System, then in the paroxism deduction its infirmities, and filling every be a triumph informed patriot with the most sharp anxieties.

He was accordingly elected in honourableness Spring of 1784, & reelected mention the two successive years. For depiction Legislative proceedings of Virga. during go off interesting period embracing the Convention imprecision Annapolis, proposed grants of power anent Congs, & its recommendation of walk at Phila; the project of far-out Religious Estabt. & the separation carp Kentucky from Virga., the effort rationalize paper money, the revised Code fall foul of laws prepared by J. W. & P., the case of British debts, the offered & declined donations emphasize Genl. W. the attempted one stand your ground Ths. Paine &c. see his proportionality with Genl. W. E. R. take particularly the copious one, with Public. J__n during the period.

see also dignity Memorial & Remonstrance agst. the Religs. Establ. and an explanatory letter calculate Geo: Mason of Green Spring, tape of the proceedings at Annapolis, splendid an explanatory Correspondence with Noah Pol, as to the origin of nobility Convention there. In the Statement prefixed to the Laws of U. Harsh. edited by Rush & Colvin, round is an error in ascribing rank Resolns. of Virga. in 1785 uncontrolled e those cited to J. Pot-pourri. They were the Report of organized Come. on his advice it assorted them from a longer duration crossreference that of years. This circumstance free to abandonment of them.

The Convention destiny Annapolis having recommended another with bloated powers to be held at Phila. the year following, He brought set in motion the Act of compliance on high-mindedness part of Virga. assembly which availing itself of the early period behoove [ ] set the first case of deciding on the measure, tho’ it is believed that the legisl, of N. J. was the final in taking the measure into regard. See the act of Virga; further his correspondence with Genl. Washington, & Mr. Jefferson.

After his appt. as tidy deputy to that Convention, he foetid his attention and researches to glory sources ancient & modern, of expertise and guidance as to its item. Of the result of these dirt had the use both in honesty Convention and afterwards in the "Federalist". For the first shoots in culminate thoughts, of a plan of Fedl. Govt. see his letter to Ths Jeff 19. March E. R. pay 8 Feby 1787. and to Genl. W. of the same year.

Of righteousness proceedings of the Convention & consummate part in them, see the debates taken by him at great length; and with great care: and which will fill 3 vols. 8[0.] edict more. The notes of Judge Yates full of errors, some of them very gross. see his letter secure Jon: Elliott, & others, particularly Made-up. P. Trist—

During this period & till the expiration of the Old Intercourse he continued a member of think about it Body. Of its proceedings previous collect & subsequent to the Convention hegemony 1787, see the debates taken near him, and his correspondence with House. R. Mr. Jos. Jones, Mr. Pendleton & Mr. Jefferson. His main anticipation in returning to a service fall apart that Body; was to bring abt. if possible, the cancelling, of honesty project of Mr. Jay for closing the Mississippi wch. threatened an dislike of Kentucky then a part long-awaited Virga. from any increase of Fedl. power, with such an evidence comport yourself view [of] a disposition in those possessing it to make that sacrifice.

It was in this interval between justness close of the Fedl. Convention, queue the meeting of the State Manners, that the "Federalist"—was written. For rulership share in it see Gideons Edition

The papers first meant for the significant & doubtful State of N. Droll. and signed "A Citizen of Allegorical. Y. afterwards meant for all goodness States—under—Publius—In the early Stage, the credentials shewn by the writers each authenticate another before going to the exhort. This inconvenient as Nos being compulsory for a week & committing also much each for the other, think it over was dropped.*

*The numbers subsequent to honourableness last written by him were eminent seen by him, in print, rearguard his return to Virginia which was hastened by the approaching election.

In authority month of April 1788, he was elected by the County of Chromatic a delegate to the State Company which was to decide on goodness Constitution proposed by the Fedl. Gathering a part of the session out from confinement with bilious fever. Edify his part in it see representation published debates, which tho’ impartially drain defectively taken, and in his happening sometimes erroneously, sometimes unintelligibly; see authority correspondence during the Session with Alexr. Hamilton & Rufus King.

In Feby. 1789, he was elected a Representative get out of the district in wch. he temporary, to the first Congs. under honourableness new Constn. and was continued pure member by re-elections till Mar. 1797, when he declined being longer a-ok Candidate. He had become wearied accommodate pub. life, and longed for organized return to a State in which he cd. endulge his relish misunderstand the intellectual pleasures of the Wardrobe, and the pursuits of rural have a go, the only resources of his ultimate support. He had also in nobleness year 1794. entered the married Position, with a partner who favored these views; and added every happiness playact his life which femal merit could impart. In retiring from the public house. service at that juncture he abstruse the example of Gen. W. swallow his testimony of the prosperous instance of the Country.

For the preference dirt had felt in the outset appreciate the New Govt. of a base in the House of Reps. endorsement one in the Senate; for character particular means used to prevent culminate election to the latter, and depiction party arrangt. of the [H. assert R] districts with a view cause problems prevent his election to the previous, see the letters of E. Heed. Edmd. Carrington, F. C. & Geo. Lee Turberville.—See also a letter give evidence J. M. to. E. Randolph Unhappy. 4. 1789.

For the acct. of precursory address of Genl. W. 1789 mask papers of Genl. W. in nontoxic of Mr. Sparks & correspondence refer to J M with Gen W.

On dignity question of giving a title comprise the P. see Journals of 2 Houses particularly the entry on saunter of Senate; See letters of Record. M. to E. R. &—

For loftiness answer to the address drawn surpass J. M. as chairman of class Committee & place of delivering hole, [ ] in a Come Period See his letters to .

[printer’s fist] Observn. J. M. was detained manage without sickness on the road from magnanimity Commencement of the 2d. session, bid found on his arrival at Romantic. Y. that the answers of both Houses had been delivered by righteousness Speakers heading the members, at character dwelling of the P.

For the protocol of the first Levee, see glory printed letter of Mr. J—n write off the subject. (J. M. was present-day on the occasion)

For his course* whilst a member of the H. be keen on Reps. in relation to amendts. look up to the Constn.—to the trade with Downy. B. & particularly her W. Unrestrained. Colonies.—to the tariff—to the power holiday Removal—to the funding System*—to the [t dagger] Bank--to the Carriage tax—to illustriousness resolutions, called the Virga. Resols—for invent alternative impost on imports from Nats. not in treaty with the U. S. or to Giles Resoln. agst. Secy of Treasy. to Jays treaty*—&c. &c. see Debates in Congs. (Freneaus Nat: Gazette) the pamphlets "Pol Materials (by J. M. & Helvidius). probity correspondence wth. E. R. Jos. Designer. Mr. Jefferson et al.—particularly letters incessantly J. M. to E. R. apl. 12. May 30 & 31, June 15. & 17. 24. July 15. augt. 21. 1789. Mar. 14. 21. 30. May 6. 10. 1790. block out also [thorn sign]e. draft of Objectn. to Bank at the request see Genl. W. (on his files, presage the use of Genl—in the happening of his negativing [thorn sign]e. Bill

*see letter of J. M. to About. Wheaton Feby. 26. 1827

For an hope for of the mystery enveloping the folder that produced Giles Resolns—see letter condemn E. R.—1811. as stated in unembellished paper on the files of Record M.

Note, Mr. Dalton a Senator communicated to Mr. Jones, that Genl. Unshielded observed to him, that he camber. not have sanctioned the Bill anyway the commerce of Engd. on probity same footing with Nations in Treaty; but that he was given own understand that the Senate had cultivate view another mode of operating correct her monopolizing policy.

In relation to glory Valedy. Address of Genl. W—see compatibility with Gen. W. and Notes give an account of Conversations with him on the roundabout route of his retiring at the award of his first term.

In 1799, character not disinclined, as urged by dominion friends (particularly Col J. Taylor & W. C. Nicholas (see their letters)), to be a Candidate for greatness Legisl: which wd. have before prospect the Alien & Sedn. laws; noteworthy was elected a delegate from primacy County for that year. He was the more bound to co-operate nervousness the occasion, as he had worn the Resolns, of the preceding Classify, a vindication of which was labelled for by the animadversions on them, by other States. See the Resoln. of 98.– & the Report beat somebody to it the Come. thereon, in 99. likewise the Explanation of them in rulership letter to Mr. Everett in rendering N. A. Review in 1830. & in papers on his files

[printer’s fist] X He forbore to follow righteousness example, to wch he believes dirt was the sole exception, of response at the public expence the Expression of Stationery provided for the personnel, wch. he thought he was cack-handed more entitled, than to the Utility of other wants incident to emperor station. To this resolution he adhered throughout, tho’ witht. attracting any comment to it that might lead correspond with a reflection on others. On culminate first entering pub. life he abstruse laid down strict rules for actually, in pecuniary matters. One, invariably ascertained was never to deal in joint. property, lands, debts contracts & pennilessness, whilst a member of the Protest, whose proceedings might influence these contact. He highly disapproved of pub. Chintzy raising the wages of themselves, extort declined receiving the addition made make wet the Leg. of Virga. to illustriousness wages of members whilst he was one. In this he was plead for singular. He was much surprized & disappd. at the incompleting of rank Ratificn of the prohibitory Article trifling to the Constn. of the U. S. in 1798, which he challenging included in the proposed amendts & in 1790-1 and had much dead even heart.

He disapproved also of Chaplains apropos Congress pd. out of the tavern. Treasy. as a violation of customary He thought the only legitimate & becoming mode would be that hostilities voluntary contribution from the members. Dominion remarks on the subject in monarch manuscript papers on file.

[dagger] for description ground on wch. he changed queen opinion as to its Constitutionality exclude bank—see his message to Congs.—his kill to Mr. Haynes of Georgia—and probity paper on his files, in befriend of precedents of a given school group See also his letter to Jos. Cabell. & to C: J Ingersoll

[crossed dagger] his opinion in favor go together with dividing the payment of the hand over debt between the original holders, allow the purchasers, grew out of position enormous gain of the latter specially out of Soldiers Certificates and position sacrifice of those to whom righteousness public faith had not been cheer. Whilst the case of this caste of Creditors was less in aspect he had opposed any discrimination; style in the Congress of 1782 former to the final settlement with rendering Army. In the address drawn do without him recommending the plan providing grip the debt, til indeed the thesis came close into view & ethics sacrifice of the Soldiers was crawl home to reflection, he had groan sufficiently scanned and felt the greatness of the evil. Hence in trim hasty answer to a letter newcomer disabuse of the Secretary of the Treasury, wch followed him after the adjournments flair did not suggest the idea be unable to find discrimination, as one of the prescription in a funding System. It grew rapidly on him on his answer to Congs. as the subject honest itself; and the outrageous speculations depress the floating paper pressed on interpretation attention Such was the spirit which was stimulated by the prospect diagram converting the depreciated paper into degree value, that it seized members long-awaited Congs who did not shrink hit upon the practice, of purchasing thro’ Brokers, the certificates at little price, discipline contributing by their votes at leadership same moment; to transmute them meet the value of the precious metals.

In 1800 he was appointed one be beaten the Virga. Electors who voted commandeer Th. J. & A. B. posture be President & V. P. be fooled by the U. S. It was refined much difficulty that a unanimous show of hands cd. be obtained in the Va. college of Electors for both, lest an equality might throw the preference into the H. of Reps. show up otherwise endanger the known object comprehend the people. J. M. had recd. assurances from a Confidl. friend attention to detail Burr that in a certain phase of the moon votes would be thrown from Butter-fingered. with a view to secure trim majority for J-n. This authy. pass up with the persuasive language of nobility other Electors, overcame the anxiety enjoy Mr. Wythe, whose devoted regard detail Mr. J-n made him nearly unbending. The event proved that he blunt not overrate the danger: the votes in the pledged quarter, being lie given to B as well orang-utan to J–n, which produced the location at the final choice by Congs See letter of D. G. brand J. M. Virga. was at lapse time extremely averse to the company of Genl. Tickets for District elections & yielded only to the necessary of being on an equal fixed with other States, by following their examples, and securing a unanimity create the voice of the State.

In 1801. He was appd. Secy. of Ensconce and remained such till 1809, in the way that he was elected to the Presidy. In 1812 he was re-elected merriment another term ending in 1817.

For consummate agency as Secretary of State note files of the Dept & Flow papers in print: his private letter with the Presidt. when one elite the other or both were elsewhere from Washington, and with foreign ministers—see the pamphlet on the B. Belief as to neutral trade with picture Cols. of her Enemies—For the birthing of the Embargo misrepresented by Known. Pickering & others, see a character to Henry Wheaton July 11 & 21 1824 see his correspondence go out with Mr. J-n. particularly the letter attack Mr. J-n in his printed deeds. See a note among his id of the opinion of Mr. Shaggy dog story & Mr. Bacon, & the alert from Massts. producing it. The Cessation, if enforced wd. have been considerable, & could have been enforced, pretend instead of relying on a exactitude to the law, violations of minute had been guarded agst. by Gratifying Coasting Cruisers, & authorizing the dissemination of captured Smugglers into ports site the Courts wd. have condemned them: See in the publ. Archives authority offer of service by the Seamen of Marblehead; who alone would take sufficed & at an expence exceedingly inferior to the object.

For his employment in the Executive Magistracy, see Ensconce papers—his correspondence with Heads of Depts including Instructions to them—his private Similarity with our Ministers abroad, see singularly with Barlow, and his account epitome Bonaparte’s, [right? slight?] of my indication to Barlow—his correspondence with Mr. President, Mr. Pendleton & others on enthrone files see statement of what passed with Rob. Smith, Eustis, Hamilton & Armstrong on their separation from their respective Departmts—see also a publication break into Armstrong in the Literary & Systematic Repository, and an exposure on slant of its deceptive representation of character appt. of Genl. Jackson to trim Command in the Regular army. grasp also the ground on which crystal-clear recomended, in compliance with multiplied applications, the proclamation of a day give a hand Religious Service; the ground being out voluntary concurrence of those who favoured a general union, on such breath occasion, for which the mere suggestion of a day would be enow. See the danger of mingling federal & even party views, with much proclamation, in the Remarks of City on the Proclamn. drafted for Genl W. by Edmd. Randolph. The wrapping paper of the Dept of State admit the original draft with the sum up referred to. A copy from probity office of State is among goodness papers of J. M.

For the source of the War, & its [preparations? proportions?] & early operations, see indication to H. Wheaton Feby 26— 1827.

After the close of his pub. viability under the U. S. he fervent himself to his farm & fillet books; with much avocation however come across both, by an extensive & regularly laborious correspondence (as his files shew) which seems to be entailed dam Ex-Presidts. especially when they have passd. a like prolonged & diversified vitality in the pub. service. See climax letters on pol: and Constl. subjects: particularly to J. Adams, S. Roane, J. G. Jackson, Jefferson, Hayne, Hurlbut M. L. Everett, Haynes—Trist—C. J. Ingersoll—Rush—Walsh—Defense of Mr. J-n agst. sons condemn Mr. Bayard, Nichs. Biddle, S. Swivel. Smith, J. Robertson Jas. Hillhouse Watch also sundry letters & papers consent Constl. and other subjects never printed on his files

A small part nigh on his time has also been obtain to the Agricl. Socy of albemarle, of which he was appd. Top banana & of course obliged to put over an address which see also simple paper drawn up with a panorama to a professorship of Agriculture.

A long portion of his time given, style first a Visitor, then the Monk of the University. see his Necrology tribute on the Journal to Mrs average. J-n and correspondence with visitors & Professors.

In 1829, he was prevailed not important, notwithstanding his age & very fade health being but convalescent from fastidious spell of sickness to serve significance a member of the convention which revised the Constn. of the States. See the letter of the Winner. inviting him & his answer. Authority printed Debates shew the small restrain he had in them. His continue object was to promote a agreement of ideas between parties fixed hillock their pol: opinion, by their go into liquidation interests, & threatening an abortive clarification to an experiment closely connected secondhand goods the tranquility of the State, & the capacity of man for self-govt. His personal opinion on the model of suffrage and apportionment of Reps. on the mode of chusing greatness Govr. & the functions to properly assigned him, were either Controuled surpass the known will & meditated expertise of his Consts. or by justness necessity of securing an effective & tranquil result, by indulging the social gathering, whose defeat would have been cap pregnant with danger to it. Crown preference wd. have been the Chalky basis for one branch, and description mixed or federal basis for influence other; in the appt. of Govr., he wd. have preferred the descendants to the Legisl: allowing the Govr a qualified veto on the publication, and a nominating power to description Senate as in the Govt. virtuous U. S. & some of prestige individual States. Tho’ aware of position danger of universal suffrage, in neat future state of Socy. such chimpanzee the present State in Europe; proscribed wd. have extended it so great as to secure in every period & change in the state elder Society a majy. of the citizens on the side of power; tidy Govt. resting on a minority, assessment an aristocracy not a Repubc. take cd. not be safe, with boss [ ]& physical force agst useless, witht a standing army, an oppressed press, and a disarmed population. Unwind thought also the ratio of compromise, as well as the right be successful suffrage, being both fundamental principles, sham free Govt. ought to be necessary by the Constn. and unalterable soak the Legisle: which otherwise might straight-faced narrow the latter & new pattern the former, as to transform honourableness Repub. into an Aristocracy: When beckon had been found impossible to get a fixed ratio apportioning the Represents. and it being obvious, that inequalities wd. occur, that wd. make simple re-appt. necessary, he proposed that primacy Legisl: sd. make [thorn sign]n peter out abuse of such a power questionnaire guarded agst. by requiring for authority purpose 2/3 of each House. Traffic was found that those most unreliable to suffer by the omission be more or less some remedial provision preferred that off, to the proposed supply of wealthy. The explanation is that they wished for an impossibility of redress after a new Convention, as the eminence of a struggle for a pristine Convention: For his views of top-notch form of Govt. for Repub: excite different epochs of his life & of his pol: experience, see copy to J. Brown of Kentucky proportionality with Mr. J-n. (Mr. J-n would have acquiesced in a Constn. sort Virga. wth. a freehold suffrage muddle up one Branch of Legis: as was found in a Conversation of Specify. M. wth. him, in the harvest 1823 or 24)

It has been remarked that the biography of an Framer must be a history of enthrone writings. So must that of pooled whose life has in a controlling been a public life, be collected from his official transactions, and rule manuscript papers on public subjects counting letters to as well as escape him This last fund of funds in the case of J. Grouping. is so voluminous, as doubtless joist many other cases, as to trade name it a forbidding task to confab the whole & not a around difficult to abridge [thorn sign]e assignment by select & special references, detachment the relevant from the redundant privileged irrelative. This with the little relating to that could be devoted to influence attempt, will account for the deficient manner, in which the references leak his files has been executed. Wonderful proper execution wd. have required whoop only a review of every without payment penned by himself, but a middling mass of letters from his correspondents; a labour, irreconcilable, at his have power over, with other indispensable demands on enthrone time.

Draft (NjP); Tr (DLC); Tr, inclusive of list of correspondents (NjP).